Psychological Development of Ted Kaczynski - 1630 Words

Psychological Development of Ted Kaczynski Introduction Ted Kaczynski, a man known for his bombings sent via mail and hand-delivered, more so than his intelligence. Ted attended Harvard at 16, and went on to get his PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan. The Ted’s influence of psychological development seems to stem from more environmental factors than that of heredity. From the days as a baby in the hospital in seclusion with the measles to the research studies he participated in while attending college. The lack of ability to â€Å"fit† in, and the uniqueness within his personality, limited any type of social or family support. Trying to explain Mr. Kaczynski’s personality if far from simple. To choose one theory of personality,†¦show more content†¦it was about a two days hike from my cabin. That was the best spot until the summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my cabin. That was the best spot until the summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my c abin so I decided I needed some peace. I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it†¦ You just can’t imagine how upset I was. It was from this point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge. (Ted 2009) It was the ability of society to in his mind, ruin the natural wilderness that drove him to commit his crimes. Family or Social Support Systems During a psychological evaluation of Ted Kaczynski by Dr. Sally C. Johnson it is discovered that Ted seemed to grow up in a â€Å"normal† household. Ted’s father was a working class man who held a variety of employment. He reportedly provided adequately for the family, from a financial standpoint. His mother stayed at home despite two years of college. When the family moved to Iowa Ted’s mother finished her degree and became a teacher. Neither parents had any history of mental illness, despite his father committing suicide. Due to Ted’s inability to socialize, he was prevented from having any type of social support outside of the family. During his childhood years it was noted by Dr. Johnson, thatShow MoreRelatedAre Criminals Rational Decision Makers? Essay examples2042 Words   |  9 Pagesat both sides of the argument, and offer an insight into the reasons behind such criminal behaviours. The Classical theory argued that everyone is entitled to free wi ll and rational choice but in some circumstances criminals can be motivated by psychological and social forces even if there’s a consequence as a result (Curran, 2001). Classical theory saw crime only occurring when the benefits outweigh the costs meaning that people will only get involved in criminal behaviours where there are no effectiveRead MoreTylenol Crisis1725 Words   |  7 Pages1: Crisis Scenario Development Develop a scenario describing a crisis situation. Possible topics for your scenario include school violence, workplace violence, terrorist attack, sexual assault, or natural disasters. Your scenario must include sufficient breadth and depth in terms of the details surrounding the incident you have chosen, to include: †¢Ã‚  Description of the crisis. †¢Ã‚  Description of the amount of damage. †¢Ã‚  Description of the victims (physical and psychological damage). †¢Ã‚  Information

Women in the Military Free Essays

string(282) " establishing their responsibilities in the military forces and at home as mothers, in an attempt of proving to the society and men in the military of their capabilities in addressing the two responsibilities to earn the same treatment and respect accorded to man \(Mitchell 256\)\." Gender discrimination is a paradigm that has affected the role of women in the society depicting her as a minority contributor. Although the number of women in the military continuously increases this mishap is predominantly depicted because women are not allowed to engage in most combat duties as their counterpart male partners in most countries for example Germany, Spain and Italy. This further stimulates the physical and mental characteristics of men and women which argue against the support of women in the battle field. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women are perceived to be weaker than men because of their body structure which contains less dense skeletal systems thus have a higher possibility of fracturing or breaking their body parts. It is also argued that women’s bodies cannot handle the g-forces that are part and parcel of combat pilots therefore, less regarded in the aviation unit. Moreover, women are perceived as more prone to health risks than men thus highly vulnerable. A fact the submarine departments relies on to deny women career opportunities in this field (Adeboyejo 7-15). Women are also considered as psychologically incompetent because men lack the confidence of women performing similar duties as them thus mistrusts them. Men are likely to develop sexual relationship with the women thus affecting their performances. This also leads to unwanted pregnancies which incapacitates the role of the women. Furthermore, women are more likely to be captured by war enemies to be later subjected to dehumanizing acts such as sexual harassment and torture. Cultural practices and beliefs also perpetuate gender discrimination in military as these practices do not allow women to perform military tasks which are regarded as men’s role. Women who engage in this practice are considered as sexually promiscuous and therefore alienated from the community. Therefore, women are forced to prove their competence more than men to counter these allegations (Silva 937-960). This report aims at sharing the views and experiences of women in the military to enable the society to broaden its perspective and knowledge in an attempt of dispelling this paradigm and improve the situation for other younger women who desire to purse military as their career. History of Women in US Military The role of women in the US military was highly emphasized from the early 1900s though gender discrepancy took the toll of their activities and they were not allowed to engage in many tasks that military men were involved in. For instance in 1917 women were recruited as military nurses and doctors to tend to the injured men. Between 1940 and 1943 women were allowed to volunteer their services into the military forces where military curriculum was prevailed to their vicinity. However, they were given small ranks and duties such as being auxiliary corps and administrative officers while the men were their bosses. In the 1990s women were allowed to involve themselves with combat roles though were not accorded the opportunity to participate in the front lines. They were given small menial tasks such as carrying heavy war equipments and weapons to the front lines (Baker 12-238). Lately the role of women in the military have been further defined as a small percentage engages in the combat duties, submarine operations and aviation duties such as military pilots as bans that restricted women from flying aviation planes and ships have been lifted, for instance approximately 170,000 military women are among the US forces deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan (Baker 205). However, they still have to concentrate on proving their competence to the men and the traditional society (Baker 183-227). Hardships that Women in the Military Face Civilization has not totally eradicated this phenomenon as the appointment of officers is still not fairly done because women are treated as the minority which favors the men availing more appointment vacancies to them. Also the selection criteria for women is higher in comparison to that of men as conducted research depicts women in this field to be more learned than men. Therefore, women need to prove their confidence as there are very limited slots for their enrollment into the combat unit for instance in America approximately 15% of the women in the military force are allowed to serve in the combat unit (Mitchell 176). Women also still have to face sexual abuse and molestation from their counter parts while conducting their tasks. On the contrary this unjustly actions go unpunished as women who report such incidents are perceived as weak and thus cannot handle pressure and danger (Onesto para2-5). On the other hand the life of military women who report the incidents are made miserable while in the force by men who would go to extents of killing those women as a teaching guide to others to keep their mouths shut. For example Spc. Kamisha who was murdered in cold blood by her assaulter who she had previously reported three times (Creveld 85). Clearly these complaints in most occasions fall on deaf ears thus perpetuating the criminal offense. For instance in reference to the above case, Spc. Kamisha had reported her assaulter three times with no stern action being taken against him. This increases the vigor of women as they attempt to overcome this predicament and shun it while trying to prosper in the military field. Military women are also commanding for respect and recognition of their rights from the male counterparts, the society and traditional beliefs (Creveld 82-98). It is also quite evident that men in the military receive recognition and acknowledgment for their efforts and success unlike women who have to fight for this provision by demanding popularity in the force which prevails opportunities for them to prove their competence. Also the fact that women are supposed to serve their families and fully dedicate their lives to family responsibilities has increased the campaigns against the incorporation of women in the combat unit especially in countries where Muslim as a religion is prevalent. Therefore, women try to perform dual duties of establishing their responsibilities in the military forces and at home as mothers, in an attempt of proving to the society and men in the military of their capabilities in addressing the two responsibilities to earn the same treatment and respect accorded to man (Mitchell 256). You read "Women in the Military" in category "Papers" The society has depicted two different stereotypes in the human race where men are portrayed as more analytical than women thus performs their duties better than women. In the event women in the military have to emanate more effort so as to be accorded the same treatment as men and allowed to engage in tasks that men are involved in, for instance submarine and aviation activities. Therefore, women have to maximize on their liberation from administrative and cultural constraints to portray their independence and unshakable attitude to discern this allegations and prove their abilities to work under pressure depicting analytical skills (Hogg para. 3-6). Current Status of Women in the US Military. In the past women were banned from participating into ground combat activities as they did not fulfill the criteria set in the physical test standards. Currently these standards have been re-evaluated and changed to allow more women to perform combat duties as men because of the high demand for military troops to perpetuate peace in Iraq and Afghanistan. In the event women have been allowed to perform their civic responsibilities however, women are still demanding equal civic promotions and acknowledgment. This initiative has still not been fully approved even though implementation steps have taken place. Critics of this move argue that this provision will disrupt the cohesion of men while on duty thereby decreasing their performance and concentration. Also, more women are being recruited into military camps and marine forces. Furthermore, the women are now being trained to defend themselves against sexual harassment and discrimination to avert the inhuman vices that surround them (Manning 7-12). Conclusion The society, government, ethicists and critics should aim at stipulating legislations that support military women to enable them to develop their careers by availing the same treatment accorded to men and in the event protect their rights. Therefore, military women should volunteer to share their experiences both the hard times and jovial moments to enable effective publication of the social injustices they undergo and thus perpetuate the eradication of gender discrepancies in the military, thereby allowing more female youths with the desire of perpetuating their civic responsibility as military agents to do so with ease and pleasure. Word Count: 1413 Annotated Bibliography Adeboyejo, Betsy. â€Å"Women in the Military Face Increasing Opportunity and Risk. † Crisis (15591573). 110. 3 (2003): 7-15. Adeboyejo outlines the increased opportunities for recruiting women in the military as they are can now engage in Marine Corps and aviation unit activities. However, the author stipulates the risks that women have to face while in the military and sends an outcry to the relevant authority challenging them to re-evaluate their policies and improve the working environment for women. Baker, Anni. Life in the U. S. Armed Forces: (not) Just Another Job. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. The author gives the history of women in the military and the development the career has undergone. She further elaborates the duties of both women and men in the military outlining the dedication they put to protect the residents of their countries. Furthermore, she explains that they need to be highly regarded and respected for the work they do is cannot be compensated. Anni also encourages the youths to consider military as their career prospectus because it will give them a chance to fulfill their civic duty and thus reduce the crime rate in the society. Creveld, Van. â€Å"Armed But Not Dangerous: Women in the Israeli Military†. War in History. 7. 1 (2000): 82-98. The author explains the hardships that women in the military face. He further liberates the practice of women always being armed because he describes it as a mechanism for protecting themselves from unethical behaviors that deny them their rights. Hogg, Jennifer. Military Women – Ready to Rock the Boat 18th, July, 2008. Women’s Media Center. 22nd, May, 2008. http://www. womensmediacenter. com/ex/071808. html. Jennifer Hogg an author in the Women’s Media Center published this document with the aim of outlining issues that curb the development of women. She discusses the role the society, government and traditional practices plays in advocating for gender inequality. She uses the military career for women as an example and elaborates what these women face while trying to prove their self worth. Manning, Lory. â€Å"Military Women†. Women’s Review of Books. 21. 5 (2004): 7-12. The author studies the life of women who peruse military as their career. The conditions and attitudes that the women in the military display are well elaborated in the journal. The author also mentions the struggle that the women have done to improve the condition of their career which has had a positive impact on the perception of the society and government bodies. Mitchell, Brian. Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1998. The author explains the kind of conditions women in the military undergo describing the career as a disaster. He outlines the hardships women have to dwell with everyday and the extent the mechanisms they have adopted to be able to shun the paradigm of gender discrepancy. Onesto, Li. Reality for Women in the U. S. Military: Rape in Uniform. 8th, December, 1996. Revolutionary Worker #886. 22nd, May, 2009. http://rwor. org. Onesto, Li a revolutionary worker wrote this piece with the aim of uncovering the sexual harassment, molestation and abuse women in the military face. She explains that when she was on duty the things she saw were horrific as women would get gang raped and not report the i ncident for fear of her life. Onesto says that those incidents broke her heart thus decided to air out the grievances that women in the military face in an attempt of attracting the attention of the relevant authority. Silva, Jennifer. â€Å"A New Generation of Women? : How Female ROTC Cadets Negotiate the Tension between Masculine Military Culture and Traditional Femininity. † The University of North Carolina Press 87. 2 (2008): 937-960. The author conducted interviews on, military women and men in the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps to learn how women surpass the allegation aired out because of going against traditional practices and indulging themselves in masculine activities. How to cite Women in the Military, Papers

james coopers Essay Example For Students

james coopers Essay James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey on September 15, 1789. He was born the eleventh of twelve children to William and Elizabeth Cooper. His real name is James Kent Cooper, he tried to change it so he could inherit some of his mothers wealth, but the court system would not allow it. He uses Fenimore as his penname (Hart 133). When he was about one year old, his family moved to the frontier of Lake Otsego, New York. His father established the settlement of Cooperstown at the basin of the Susquehanna River (Ulger 336). Coopers parents sent him to a private prep school in Albany, New York and from there, he was accepted into Yale. He remained at Yale for two years, until he was expelled for a childish prank. Coopers father made him join the armed forces and he chose the United States Navy in 1802. He signed on as a seaman on a vessel bound from Maine to England and received his commission. Cooper soon found out that more discipline was present in the Navy than at Yale (Hart 138). After two years, Cooper took a furlough and was assigned to a group of naval officers who were trying to establishing a fresh-water navy in the Great Lakes region. He did not like the assignment but he knew that as long as his father was alive that he had nothing else to do (Crystal 789). The death of Coopers father and his marriage are the two things that brought a change to his life. The death of his father was a tragedy at the hands of a political opponent, and this caused him to inherit, together with his brothers, a portion of a large estate unfortunately soon dissipated by all of them. Second was his marriage to Susan De Lancey in 1811, at the time he was twenty-one and she was only eighteen (Haycraft 178). In 1820, Cooper published his first literary work, Precaution, on a challenge from his wife. This novel was a disappointment to Cooper. He published his second work of American Literature, The Spy, and a year later in 1821. This novel was modeled after Sir Walters Scotts Waverly, with the exception that it was set during the American Revolution. The Spy brought Cooper international recognition and wealth. Coopers third novel, The Pioneers, was the first of five novels of a series that made up the Leatherstocking Tales. These were some of the most popular frontier novels featuring a frontiersman by the name of Natty Bumpoo, or Hawkeye. The Pioneers is generally considered to be first genuine American novel. The five novels of the series were not written in their narrative order (Howse 116). Cooper and his wife had five children when they moved to Europe in 1826 and stayed there until 1833 so their children would have the best education available at the time. When Cooper and his family returned to America in 1833, he found that he was quite unpopular due to his work Notions of the Americans and Letter to General Lafayette. He wrote these two works while he and his family were still living in Europe (Ulger 357). He left New York City mainly because of his unpopularity and the harsh feelings being shown to his family. Cooper decided to go back to Cooperstown, New York. He decided that he and his family were going to live like his family and raise his children as he was raised (Haycraft 179). Cooper died on September 14, 1851, one day before his sixty-second birthday. His works reflects that of Shakespeare and Milton, and used late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century poets as a guiding light for his writings. He also used the Bible, which he had studied as a you ng man, to mirror its names and its style or language. He saw that the role of literature was that of a way to enhance everyday life. Cooper was, and continues to be an immensely popular writer, as well as, he is generally considered to be the first major American novelist (Ulger 357). .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad , .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .postImageUrl , .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad , .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:hover , .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:visited , .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:active { border:0!important; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:active , .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u84d7d23f05f658cabbc90c84681a7cad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What Is A Role Model EssayWORKS CITEDCrystal, David. The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia. New York: U of Cambridge P, 1998. Hart, James D. The Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford: Oxford U P, 1965. Haycraft, Howard and Stanley J. Kunitz. American Authors: 1600-1900. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1977. Howse, Ray Semon. Cooper: Sea Tales. New York: The Library of America, 1991. Ulger, Leonard. American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. St. Paul: U of Minnesota, 1974.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays (1302 words) -

Their Eyes Were Watching God In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie battles to find Individualism within herself. Janie, all her life, had been pushed around and told what to do and how to live her life. She searched and searched high and low to find a peace that makes her whole and makes her feel like a complete person. To make her feel like she is in fact an individual and that she's not like everyone else around her. During the time of ?Their Eyes', the correct way to treat women was to show them who was in charge and who was inferior. Men were looked to as the superior being, the one who women were supposed to look up to and serve. Especially in the fact that Janie was an African American women during these oppressed times. Throughout this book, it looks as though Janie makes many mistakes in trying to find who she really is, and achieving the respect that she deserves. Living with her Grandmother and theWashburns', Janie was surrounded and raised with white children. She always believed that she was white herself, and that she was no different than anybody else. As she was growing up, she was told what to do and how to live by her grandmother. Janie's grandmother planned her life out for her. She told her that she must get married right away. "Yeah, Janie, youse got yo' womanhood on yuh. So Ah mout ez well tell yuh whut Ah been savin' up for uh spell. Ah wants to see you married right away." Janie's grandmother did want what was best for Janie, but she basically told her what to do instead of letting her know what she wanted for her. Janie's grandmother told her exactly who she was going to marry and who she wasn't even to think about. "Whut Ah seen just now is plenty for me, honey, Ah don't want no trashy negro, no breath-and-britches, lak Johnny Taylor usin' yo' body to wipe his foots on. Brother Logan Killicks, he's a good man.......You answer me when Ah speak. Don't you set dere poutin' wid me after all Ah done went through for you!" She is basically telling Janie that she can't marry Johnny Taylor, the one she is exploring her womanhood with, the one she wants, and that she must marry Logan, for protection. Towards the end of the book, Janie resents her grandmother for "living" her life for her and planning her future. To find out what will happen in a persons future, they need to live their life on their own and not have it planned for them. They can't be told how to live there lives in order to succeed. To succeed, we need to learn from our own mistakes, and live with the weight of our decisions. This is exactly what Janie did in her marriage to Logan. She did as she was told, or rather, expected to do. Janie didn't want to marry Logan, but if it made her grandmother happy, then by all means, why not give it a shot. If it meant that she'd be secure. In her marriage to Logan, she found out that that's not what she wanted. Janie wanted love, happieness, comfort and enjoyment. She didn't want her first marriage to be like a prison sentence. "Did marriage end the cosmic loneliness of the unmated, did it compel love like the sun the day?" This is asking if marriage made love for Janie as the sun makes the day for the world. Is the basis of love marriage...just as the basis for day is the sun. To Janie, this was not true. She did not feel as though she loved Logan, and that's all she really wanted. She didn't want to be treated as the rest of the world was treated. She wanted to be treated as an individual and not as a slave. She was a slave to marriage. She didn't want to be there, where there was no warmth. Joe Starks stole Janie away from Logan. He saved her from the boringness of their dull marriage. He woed her with his words of kindness. He promised her happieness. "De day you puts yo' hand in mine, Ah wouldn't let de sun go down on us single. You ain't never knowed what it was to be treated lak a lady and Ah wants to be de one tuh show yuh." He wanted her to feel special, and be treated

life in becoming a pediatric nurse

life in becoming a pediatric nurse Language Arts 24 June 2011Life in Becoming a Pediatric NurseChildren are the future and keeping them healthy is a very important step as they become adults later in life. The Pediatric Nurse plays a special role in the lives of infants, and adolescents. These specialized nurses usually complete advanced training in pediatrics and work together closely with physicians and other health care providers who share their dedication to children's health.Pediatric Nurses devote their knowledge and skills to caring for children of all ages. They provide a great amount of help to the doctors they come across every day, assisting them in procedures, testing, and diagnosing the patients. Like other nurses, pediatric nurses can perform physical examinations, measure vital statistics, take blood, urine samples and order diagnostic tests. With advanced training these nurses can understand test results and are able to form diagnoses as well as developing treatment plans.Nurse PractitionerA pediatric nurse knows how to talk to children and are able to chase away all their fears. "Children are often afraid to go to the doctor, so the pediatric nurse must be able to dispel that fear and quickly earn the child's trust."(California Career Zone pg.2) They also help families cope with illnesses and educate them on how to protect their child's health. Pediatric nurses work in doctor's offices, clinics, hospitals, surgical centers and other health care settings. They work a 9-to-5 shift and if required they must work nights and weekends. Pediatric nurses earn $48,000 to $68,000 a year and experienced pediatric nurses earn $100,000 a year or more. The job outlook is excellent and is increasing every year.Education, dedication, and commitment is very important to becoming a pediatric nurse. Pediatric Nurses must first get certification as a registered nurse. After graduating from a four...

Barack Obama - Nobel Prize for Peace Lecture and Speech

Barack Obama Nobel Prize for Peace Acceptance Speech and Lecture delivered 10 December 2009, Oslo City Hall, Oslo, Norway Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, distinguished members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, citizens of America, and citizens of the world: I receive this honor with deep gratitude and great humility. Its an award that speaks to our highest aspirations that for all the cruelty and hardship of our world, we are not mere prisoners of fate. Our actions matter, and can bend history in the direction of justice. And yet, I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the considerable controversy that your generous decision has generated. In part, this is because I am at the beginning, and not the end, of my labors on the world stage. Compared to some of the giants of history whove received this prize Schweitzer and King, Marshall and Mandela my accomplishments are slight. And then there are the men and women around the world whove been jailed and beaten in the pursuit of justice; those who toil in humanitarian organizations to relieve suffering; the unrecognized millions whose quiet acts of courage and compassion inspire even the most hardened cynics. I cannot argue with those who find these men and women some known, some obscure to all but those they help to be far more deserving of this honor than I. But perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of the military of a nation in the midst of two wars. One of these wars is winding down. The other is a conflict that America did not seek, one in which we are joined by 42 other countries including Norway in an effort to defend ourselves and all nations from further attacks. Still, we are at war. And I am responsible1 for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land. Some will kill; and some will be killed. And so I come here with an acute sense of the costs of armed conflict filled with difficult questions about the relationship between war and peace, and our effort to replace one with the other. Now these questions are not new. War, in one form or another, appeared with the first man. At the dawn of history, its morality was not questioned; it was simply a fact, like drought or disease the manner in which tribes and then civilizations sought power and settled their differences. And over time, as codes of law sought to control violence within groups, so did philosophers and clerics and statesmen seek to regulate the destructive power of war. The concept of a just war emerged, suggesting that war is justified only when certain conditions were met: if it is waged as a last resort or in self-defense; if the force used is proportional; and if, whenever possible, civilians are spared from violence. Of course, we know that for most of history, this concept of just war was rarely observed. The capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible, as did our capacity to exempt from mercy those who look different or pray to a different God. Wars between armies gave way to wars between nations total wars in which the distinction between combatant and civilian became blurred. In the span of 30 years, such carnage would twice engulf this continent. And while its hard to conceive of a cause more just than the defeat of the Third Reich and the Axis powers, World War II was a conflict in which the total number of civilians who died exceeded the number of soldiers who perished. In the wake of such destruction, and with the advent of the nuclear age, it became clear to victor and vanquished alike that the world needed institutions to prevent another world war. And so a quarter century after the United States Senate rejected the League of Nations an idea for which Woodrow Wilson received this prize America led the world in constructing an architecture to keep the peace: a Marshall Plan, and a United Nations; mechanisms to govern the waging of war, treaties to protect human rights, prevent genocide, restrict the most dangerous weapons. In many ways, these efforts succeeded. Yes, terrible wars have been fought, and atrocities committed. But there has been no Third World War. The Cold War ended with jubilant crowds dismantling a wall. Commerce has stitched much of the world together. Billions have been lifted from poverty. The ideals of liberty and self-determination, equality, and the rule of law have haltingly advanced. We are the heirs of the fortitude and foresight of generations past, and it is a legacy for which my own country is rightfully proud. And yet, a decade into a new century, this old architecture is buckling under the weight of new threats. The world may no longer shudder at the prospect of war between two nuclear superpowers, but proliferation may increase the risk of catastrophe. Terrorism has long been a tactic, but modern technology allows a few small men with outsized rage to murder innocents on a horrific scale. Moreover, wars between nations have increasingly given way to wars within nations. The resurgence of ethnic or sectarian conflicts; the growth of secessionist movements, insurgencies, and failed states all these things have increasingly trapped civilians in unending chaos. In todays wars, many more civilians are killed than soldiers; the seeds of future conflict are sown, economies are wrecked, civil societies torn asunder, refugees amassed, children scarred. I do not bring with me today a definitive solution to the problems of war. What I do know is that meeting these challenges will require the same vision, hard work, and persistence of those men and women who acted so boldly decades ago. And it will require us to think in new ways about the notions of just war and the imperatives of a just peace. We must begin by acknowledging a hard truth: We will not eradicate violent conflict in our lifetimes. There will be times when nations, acting individually or in concert, will find the use of force not only necessary but morally justified. I make this statement mindful of what Martin Luther King Jr. said in this same ceremony years ago: Violence never brings permanent peace. It solves no social problem. It merely creates new and more complicated ones. As someone who stands here as a direct consequence of Dr. Kings life work, I am living testimony to the moral force of non-violence. I know theres nothing weak, nothing passive, nothing naà ¯ve in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King. But as a head of state sworn to protect and defend my nation, I cannot be guided by their examples alone. I face the world as it is and cannot stand idle in the face of threats to the American people. For make no mistake: Evil does exist in the world. A non-violent movement could not have halted Hitlers armies. Negotiations cannot convince al Qaedas leaders to lay down their arms. To say that force may sometimes be necessary is not a call to cynicism. It is a recognition of history, the imperfections of man, and the limits of reason. I raise this point, I begin with this point because in many countries there is a deep ambivalence about military action today no matter what the cause. And at times, this is joined by a reflexive suspicion of America, the worlds sole military superpower. Yet, the world must remember that it was not simply international institutions not just treaties and declarations that brought stability to a post-World War II world. Whatever mistakes we have made, the plain fact is this: The United States of America has helped underwrite global security for more than six decades with the blood of our citizens and the strength of our arms. The service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform has promoted peace and prosperity from Germany to Korea, and enabled democracy to take hold in places like the Balkans. We have borne this burden not because we seek to impose our will. We have done so out of enlightened self-interest because we seek a better future for our children and grandchildren, and we believe that their lives will be better if others children and grandchildren can live in freedom and prosperity. So yes, the instruments of war do have a role to play in preserving the peace. And yet this truth must coexist with another: that no matter how justified, war promises human tragedy. The soldiers courage and sacrifice is full of glory expressing devotion to country, to cause, to comrades in arms. But war itself is never glorious; and we must never trumpet it as such. So part of our challenge is reconciling these two seemingly irreconcilable truths: that war is sometimes necessary; and war at some level is an expression of human folly. Concretely, we must direct our effort to the task that President Kennedy called for long ago. Let us focus, he said, on a more practical, more attainable peace, based not on a sudden revolution in human nature but on a gradual evolution in human institutions. A gradual evolution of human institutions. What might this evolution look like? What might these practical steps be? To begin with, I believe that all nations, strong and weak alike, must adhere to standards that govern the use of force. I, like any head of state, reserve the right to act unilaterally if necessary to defend my nation. Nevertheless, I am convinced that adhering to standards, international standards, strengthens those who do and isolates and weakens those who dont. The world rallied around America after the 9/11 attacks and continues to support our efforts in Afghanistan, because of the horror of those senseless attacks and the recognized principle of self-defense. Likewise, the world recognized the need to confront Saddam Hussein when he invaded Kuwait a consensus that sent a clear message to all about the cost of aggression. Furthermore, America in fact, no nation can insist that others follow the rules of the road if we refuse to follow them ourselves. For when we dont, our actions appear arbitrary and undercut the legitimacy of future interventions, no matter how justified. And this becomes particularly important when the purpose of military action extends beyond self-defense or the defense of one nation against an aggressor. More and more, we all confront difficult questions about how to prevent the slaughter of civilians by their own government, or to stop a civil war whose violence and suffering can engulf an entire region. I believe that force can be justified on humanitarian grounds, as it was in the Balkans, or in other places that have been scarred by war. Inaction tears at our conscience and can lead to more costly intervention later. Thats why all responsible nations must embrace the role that militaries with a clear mandate can play to keep the peace. Americas commitment to global security will never waver. But in a world in which threats are more diffuse and missions more complex America cannot act alone. America alone cannot secure the peace. This is true in Afghanistan. This is true in failed states like Somalia, where terrorism and piracy is joined by famine and human suffering. And sadly, it will continue to be true in unstable regions for years to come. The leaders and soldiers of NATO countries, and other friends and allies, demonstrate this truth through the capacity and courage theyve shown in Afghanistan. But in many countries, there is a disconnect between the efforts of those who serve and the ambivalence of the broader public. I understand why war is not popular, but I also know this: The belief that peace is desirable is rarely enough to achieve it. Peace requires responsibility. Peace entails sacrifice. Thats why NATO continues to be indispensable. Thats why we must strengthen U.N. and regional peacekeeping, and not leave the task to a few countries. Thats why we honor those who return home from peacekeeping and training abroad to Oslo and Rome, to Ottawa and Sydney, to Dhaka and Kigali. We honor them not as makers of war, but as of wagers but as wagers of peace. Let me make one final point about the use of force. Even as we make difficult decisions about going to war, we must also think clearly about how we fight it. The Nobel Committee recognized this truth in awarding its first prize for peace to Henry Dunant the founder of the Red Cross, and a driving force behind the Geneva Conventions. Where force is necessary, we have a moral and strategic interest in binding ourselves to certain rules of conduct. And even as we confront a vicious adversary that abides by no rules, I believe the United States of America must remain a standard bearer in the conduct of war. That is what makes us different from those whom we fight. That is a source of our strength. That is why I prohibited torture. That is why I ordered the prison at Guantanamo Bay closed. And that is why I have reaffirmed Americas commitment to abide by the Geneva Conventions. We lose ourselves when we compromise the very ideals that we fight to defend. And we honor we honor those ideals by upholding them not when its easy, but when it is hard. Ive spoken at some length to the question that must weigh on our minds and our hearts as we choose to wage war. But let me now turn to our effort to avoid such tragic choices, and speak of three ways that we can build a just and lasting peace. First, in dealing with those nations that break rules and laws, I believe that we must develop alternatives to violence that are tough enough to actually change behavior. For if we want a lasting peace, then the words of the international community must mean something. Those regimes that break the rules must be held accountable. Sanctions must exact a real price. Intransigence must be met with increased pressure and such pressure exists only when the world stands together as one. One urgent example is the effort to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, and to seek a world without them. In the middle of the last century, nations agreed to be bound by a treaty whose bargain is clear: All will have access to peaceful nuclear power; those without nuclear weapons will forsake them; and those with nuclear weapons will work towards disarmament. I am committed to upholding this treaty. It is a centerpiece of my foreign policy. And Im working with President Medvedev to reduce America and Russias nuclear stockpiles. But it is also incumbent upon all of us to insist that nations like Iran and North Korea do not game the system. Those who claim to respect international law cannot avert their eyes when those laws are flouted. Those who care for their own security cannot ignore the danger of an arms race in the Middle East or East Asia. Those who seek peace cannot stand idly by as nations arm themselves for nuclear war. The same principle applies to those who violate international laws by brutalizing their own people. When there is genocide in Darfur, systematic rape in Congo, repression in Burma there must be consequences. Yes, there will be engagement. Yes, there will be diplomacy. But there must be consequences when those things fail. And the closer we stand together, the less likely we will be faced with the choice between armed intervention and complicity in oppression. This brings me to a second point: the nature of the peace that we seek. For peace is not merely the absence of visible conflict. Only a just peace based on the inherent rights and dignity of every individual can truly be lasting. It was this insight that drove drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after the Second World War. In the wake of devastation, they recognized that if human rights are not protected, peace is a hollow promise. And yet, too often these words are ignored. For some countries, the failure to uphold human rights is excused by the false suggestion that these are somehow Western principles, foreign to local cultures or stages of a nations development. And within America, theres long been a tension between those who describe themselves as realists or idealists a tension that suggests a stark choice between the narrow pursuit of interests or an endless campaign to impose our values around the world. I reject these choices. I believe that peace is unstable where citizens are denied the right to speak freely or worship as they please; choose their own leaders or assemble without fear. Pent-up grievances fester, and the suppression of tribal and religious identity can lead to violence. We also know that the opposite is true. Only when Europe became free did it finally find peace. America has never fought a war against a democracy, and our closest friends are governments that protect the rights of their citizens. No matter how callously defined, neither Americas interests nor the worlds are served by the denial of human aspirations. So even as we respect the unique culture and traditions of different countries, America will always be a voice for those aspirations that are universal. We will bear witness to the quiet dignity of reformers like Aung Sang Suu Kyi, to the bravery of Zimbabweans who cast their ballots in the face of beatings, to the hundreds of thousands who have marched silently through the streets of Iran. It is telling that the leaders of these governments fear the aspirations of their own people more than the power of any other nation. And it is the responsibility of all free people and free nations to make clear that these movements these movements of hope and history they have us on their side. Let me also say this: The promotion of human rights cannot be about exhortation alone. At times, it must be coupled with painstaking diplomacy. I know that engagement with repressive regimes lacks the satisfying purity of indignation. But I also know that sanctions without outreach condemnation without discussion can carry forward only a crippling status quo. No repressive regime can move down a new path unless it has the choice of an open door. In light of the Cultural Revolutions horrors, Nixons meeting with Mao appeared inexcusable and yet it surely helped set China on a path where millions of its citizens have been lifted from poverty and connected to open societies. Pope John Pauls engagement with Poland created space not just for the Catholic Church, but for labor leaders like Lech Walesa. Ronald Reagans efforts on arms control and embrace of perestroika not only improved relations with the Soviet Union, but empowered dissidents throughout Eastern Europe. Theres no simple formula here. But we must try as best we can to balance isolation and engagement, pressure and incentives, so that human rights and dignity are advanced over time. Third, a just peace includes not only civil and political rights it must encompass economic security and opportunity. For true true peace is not just freedom from fear, but freedom from want. It is undoubtedly true that development rarely takes root without security; it is also true that security does not exist where human beings do not have access to enough food, or clean water, or the medicine and shelter they need to survive. It does not exist where children cant aspire to a decent education or a job that supports a family. The absence of hope can rot a society from within. And thats why helping farmers feed their own people, or nations educate their children and care for the sick, is not mere charity. Its also why the world must come together to confront climate change. There is little scientific dispute that if we do nothing, we will face more drought, more famine, more mass displacement all of which will fuel more conflict for decades. For this reason, it is not merely scientists and environmental activists who call for swift and forceful action. Its military leaders in my own country and others who understand our common security hangs in the balance. Agreements among nations. Strong institutions. Support for human rights. Investments in development. All these are vital ingredients in bringing about the evolution that President Kennedy spoke about. And yet, I do not believe that we will have the will, the determination, the staying power, to complete this work without something more; and thats the continued expansion of our moral imagination an insistence that theres something irreducible that we all share. As the world grows smaller, you might think it would be easier for human beings to recognize how similar we are to understand that were all basically seeking the same things, that we all hope for the chance to live out our lives with some measure of happiness and fulfillment for ourselves and our families. And yet, somehow, given the dizzying pace of globalization, the cultural leveling of modernity, it perhaps comes as no surprise that people fear the loss of what they cherish in their particular identities their their race, their tribe, and perhaps most powerfully their religion. In some places, this fear has led to conflict. At times, it even feels like were moving backwards. We see it in the Middle East, as the conflict between Arabs and Jews seems to harden. We see it in nations that are torn asunder by tribal lines. And most dangerously, we see it in the way that religion is used to justify the murder of innocents by those who have distorted and defiled the great religion of Islam, and who attacked my country from Afghanistan. These extremists are not the first to kill in the name of God. The cruelties of the Crusades are amply recorded. But they remind us that no Holy War can ever be a just war. For if you truly believe that you are carrying out divine will, then there is no need for restraint no need to spare the pregnant mother, or the medic, or the Red Cross worker, or even a person of one owns [sic] faith. Such a warped view of religion is not just incompatible with the concept of peace, but I believe its incompatible with the very purpose of faith: For the one rule that lies at the heart of every major religion is that we do unto others as we would have them do unto us. Adhering to this law of love has always been the core struggle of human nature. For we are fallible. We make mistakes, and fall victim to the temptations of pride, and power, and sometimes evil. Even those of us with the best of intentions will at time[s] fail to right the wrongs before us. But we do not have to think that human nature is perfect for us to still believe that the human condition can be perfected. We do not have to live in an idealized world to still reach for those ideals that will make it a better place. The non-violence practiced by men like Gandhi and King may not have been practical or possible in every circumstance, but the love that they preached their fundamental faith in human progress that must always be the North Star that guides us on our journey. For if we lose that faith if we dismiss it as silly or naà ¯ve; if we divorce it from the decisions that we make on issues of war and peace then we lose whats best about humanity. We lose our sense of possibility. We lose our moral compass. Like generations have before us, we must reject that future. As Dr. King said at this occasion so many years ago, I refuse to accept despair as the final response to the ambiguities of history. I refuse to accept the idea that the isness of mans present condition makes him morally incapable of reaching up for the eternal oughtness that forever confronts him. Let us reach for the world that ought to be that spark of the divine that still st[i]rs within each of our souls. Somewhere today, in the here and now, in the world as it is, a soldier sees hes outgunned, but stands firm to keep the peace. Somewhere today, in this world, a young protestor awaits the brutality of her government, but has the courage to march on. Somewhere today, a mother facing punishing poverty still takes the time to teach her child, scrapes together what few coins she has to send that child to school because she believes that a cruel world still has a place for that childs dreams. Let us live by their example. We can acknowledge that oppression will always be with us, and still strive for justice. We can admit the intractability of depravation, and still strive for dignity. Clear-eyed, we can understand that there will be war, and still strive for peace. We can do that for that is the story of human progress; thats the hope of all the world; and at this moment of challenge, that must be our work here on Earth. Thank you very much. Source: WhiteHouse.gov

Applied international macroeconomics projet between 1956 1986 Essay

Applied international macroeconomics projet between 1956 1986 - Essay Example Tunisia, officially known as the Tunisian Republic, is a country situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, bordering with Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. Tunisia got its independence from the French colonialism in March 20, 1956 and Habib Bourguib became the president of new state. He established a strict one-party political system with a strong hold on economy and state resources and their allocation. One of Tunisia’s outstanding characteristics is its remarkable economic development, sustained over many decades and currently driven by a process of market liberalization and integration into world markets (Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO and Tunisia 2005–2009, 2006, p. 7).Historically, Tunisian economy has gone through fluctuating periods of growth and instability. Its has gone through a transition period of a centrally planned to a more privately managed economy and stabilization and later as a structural reform programs.The purpose of f ollowing paper is to briefly highlight the important aspects of Tunisian economy during1956 to 1986 period. The paper discusses important economical during this era by splitting it into two sub-periods; namely;- Transition period of a centrally planned to a more privately managed economy and the stabilization (1956- 1970), and - An era of structural reform programs (1971- 1986).Tunisia, officially known as the Tunisian Republic, is situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, bordering with Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. ... crisis and instability. Its has gone through a transition periods of a centrally planned economy to a more privately managed economy and the stabilization (since 1956 to 1970) , and structural reform programs 1986-87. W can divide this entire period of economic developments into two sub- periods namely; - Transition period of a centrally planned to a more privately managed economy and the stabilization (1956- 1970), and - An era of structural reform programs (1971- 1986). Transition Period of a Centrally Planned to a more Privately Managed Economy and the Stabilization ;1956- 1970. At the time of independence in 1956, Tunisia was facing a crippling economic position mainly because of the huge transfer of money abroad by the wealthy Europeans, who had left the country. Yet the country and its leadership were quite optimistic and had strong determination in their potential and progress. They set their targets mainly focusing on education, modernization agriculture and infrastructure and industrialization and heavily invested in these sectors. Although these were fine priorities, yet unfortunately in sixties, they could not reap enough of the benefits to the masses because of their long term investment requirements and strict government policy control over theses sectors. During this period per capita income could not increase with an increase in investment. Government strict policy control over economy resulted a rapid increase of money supply and aggregate demands. These factors considerable increased the inflation rate and above all raised foreign payment imbalance. More than 70% of investment was public. More than half of total investment was based on

Russia 1917-1941. Rise of Nazism in Germany, World War II Essay

Russia 1917-1941. Rise of Nazism in Germany, World War II - Essay Example When the autocratic rule of Russia crumbled in the revolution of 1917, it was due to a variety of underlying and systemic causes that were rooted deep in the empire's history. These economic, social and political problems were reinforced and exacerbated mainly by the First World War (1914-1918), but also by the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05, that created and resulted in the same kinds of problems and revolts experienced in 1905. The policies imposed by Nicholas II, his predecessors and his ministers mostly served to aggravate rather than to alleviate the discontent of the Russian people. These policies and resulted in the riots and strikes that led to revolution in 1917. The situation in Russia around the turn of the century was complicated and the nation was difficult to rule. There existed a huge diversity of ideologies and identities within the Empire, making it hard for the Tsar to keep his authority and control. The influence that his two most recent predecessors had on the empire was contradictory; Alexander II was known as "the Tsar Liberator", and he introduced many reforms, such as the Emancipation Edict; and, Nicholas I, known as the "Reactionary Tsar", with his counter-reforms. Tsar Alexander III, who was crowned Tsar in 1894, wanted to "uphold the principles of autocracy" like his father, meaning the three reactionary principles: autocracy, orthodoxy and nationalism. Tsar Nicholas II was a weak and indecisive leader, unable to delegate his tasks and he generally cared too little for his people. One might argue that the only loyalty the Tsar had was to God, due to the orthodox belief that he was chosen and guided by God himself. Article On e of the Fundamental Laws of the Empire stated that: "God himself commands that this supreme authority be obeyed". The causes of the 1917 revolution included Russia's social, economic and political problems. Socially, Tsarist Russia stood well behind the rest of Europe in its industry and farming, resulting in few opportunities for advancement on the part of peasants and industrial workers. The discontent came from centuries of oppression of the lower classes by the Tsarist regime, and their considerable lack of rights. The rapid industrialisation of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and poor conditions for urban industrial workers. Economically, widespread inflation and famine in Russia contributed to the revolution. These economic stimuli originated in Russia's outdated economy and the Tsar's failure to modernize it. The rural agrarian economy struggled to produce enough food to feed the cities each year, and despite the vast expansions under Sergei Witte of the railway systems, they also lacked the ability to effectively transport the food into the cities. Factory workers also suffere d as Russia's young and undeveloped industrial base sought to catch up with the rest of Europe. They had to endure terrible working conditions and low wages. The sporadic riots did not create a calm context in which to develop an industrial foundation peacefully or methodically. Politically, the people of Russia resented the autocracy of Tsar Nicholas II. Most segments of Russian society had reason to be dissatisfied. They had no representation in government, and the Tsar remained out of touch with the people. This was seen on the "Bloody Sunday" of 1905 where his people came in peaceful demonstrations to his palace, which he had left, and were shot at by his army. Ultimately, a combination of these three factors, coupled with the development of revolutionary ideas and movements, laid the foundations for the Russian Revolution. This discontent of Russia's people

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay Example for Free

Jean-Paul Sartre Essay Existentialism focuses on the idea that life has no meaning and is considered absurd. Existential philosophers believe that humans create their own values and determine a meaning for their lives because, from the start, the human being does not possess any inherent value or identity. â€Å"Existence precedes essence† is one of the most well-known existential statements and describes how our concrete being is more important than its purpose. The existentialism movement introduced a new way of perceiving life and was illustrated through poetry, visual art and lecturing. Using these methods poets, artists and philosophers were able to convey the understanding that searching for a meaning to life is futile, and pursuing it can lead to the brink of complete comprehension about one’s purpose for existing, and in turn can cause one to recognize that life is only as meaningful as one makes it out to be. In â€Å"Freedom vs. Determinism† by Tom Greening, the poet rhetorically questions how the universe works in order to show the reader the impossibility of knowing why things happen. Greening uses the line â€Å"While we argue, life goes by† to illustrate the point that no matter how much time and effort is put into fighting over why things happen, life will continuously move forward. He is arguing that if we waste time attempting to understand the meaning of life, we will only reach the edge of understanding. Through the struggle to achieve this â€Å"understanding,† our personal lives can begin to elude us. In â€Å"Untitled† by Jackson Pollock, the artist uses abstract paint dripping and brush strokes to express the idea that life is not meant to be understood. With the painting, Pollock is showing how life is abstract at times, especially when its meaning is pursued. This is similar to the idea in the unifying thematic statement of the futility of searching for the meaning of life. Life’s conceivable meaning is not meant to be understood, much like the painting. In â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism† by Jean-Paul Sartre, the lecturer defends existentialism from criticisms of being pessimistic and gloomy. He explains that man materializes at birth, and only after this occurs can he make something of himself, creating his own life without any outside force pushing him. He states that man is what he conceives himself to be, and nothing else. Sartre says â€Å"man is nothing other than what he makes of himself,† to convey the idea similar to the one in the unifying thematic statement, that life is only as significant as an individual makes it out to be. All three existentialists used their mediums to come to the conclusion that there is not one concrete meaning to life. Each individual puts meaning to their own lives. Through understanding this principle meaning of existentialism, Greening, Pollock and Sartre exhibited the fact that one should realize the mere existence of life is the only thing that matters, and should not be wasted on vain attempts to understand its meaning.

Impact of the Film, Dr. Strangelove, on American Attitudes Towards the

Impact of the Film, Dr. Strangelove, on American Attitudes Towards the Atomic Bomb and Cold War "The truth is bad enough--but nowhere near as bad as you probably think. The truth will do away with a lot of silly ideas, a lot of completely wrong notions, which millions of people now believe about the atomic bomb. These ideas could easily cause great panic. And right now the possibility of panic is one of the best weapons any enemy could use against us." (Gerstell, How to Survive an Atomic Bomb 1) "Why should the bomb be approached with reverence? Reverence can be a paralyzing state of mind. For me the comic sense is the most eminently human reaction to the mysteries and the paradoxes of life. I just hope some of them are illuminated by the exaggerations and the style of the film. And I don't see why an artist has to do any more than produce an artistic experience that reflects his thinking." (Stanley Kubrick qtd in Wainright 15) In the third decade of the Cold War, less than two years after the United States population had been scared half-way to death by the Cuban Missile Crisis, Dr. Strangelove invaded the nation's movie theatres and showed the country the end of the world. Touted by critics then and now as the film of the decade, Dr. Strangelove savagely mocked the President, the entire military defense establishment, and the rhetoric of the Cold War. To a nation that was living through the stress of the nuclear arms race and had faced the real prospect of nuclear war, the satiric treatment of the nation's leaders was an orgasmic release from deep fears and tensions. Its detractors argued that the film was juvenile, offensive, and inaccurate. Viewed, however, in its context of the Cold War and nuclear proliferation, Dr.... ...7-38. Mordden, Ethan. Medium Cool. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. Mumford, Lewis. "Letter." New York Times 1 March 1964: 25. Prideaux, T. "Take Aim, Fire at the Agonies of War." Life 20 Dec. 1963: 115-118. Rabe, David. "Admiring the Unpredictable Mr. Kubrick." New York Times 21 June 1987: H34+ Starr, Michael. Peter Sellers: A Film History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, 1991. Suid, Lawrence. "The Pentagon and Hollywood: Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)." American History/ American Film: Interpreting the Hollywood Image. Eds. John E. O'Connor and Martin A. Jackson. Boston: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1979. Taylor, Stephen . Review of Dr. Strangelove. Film Comment, 2. 1 (1964): 40-43. Wainright, Loudon. "The Strange Case of Strangelove." Life 13 March 1964: 15. Impact of the Film, Dr. Strangelove, on American Attitudes Towards the Impact of the Film, Dr. Strangelove, on American Attitudes Towards the Atomic Bomb and Cold War "The truth is bad enough--but nowhere near as bad as you probably think. The truth will do away with a lot of silly ideas, a lot of completely wrong notions, which millions of people now believe about the atomic bomb. These ideas could easily cause great panic. And right now the possibility of panic is one of the best weapons any enemy could use against us." (Gerstell, How to Survive an Atomic Bomb 1) "Why should the bomb be approached with reverence? Reverence can be a paralyzing state of mind. For me the comic sense is the most eminently human reaction to the mysteries and the paradoxes of life. I just hope some of them are illuminated by the exaggerations and the style of the film. And I don't see why an artist has to do any more than produce an artistic experience that reflects his thinking." (Stanley Kubrick qtd in Wainright 15) In the third decade of the Cold War, less than two years after the United States population had been scared half-way to death by the Cuban Missile Crisis, Dr. Strangelove invaded the nation's movie theatres and showed the country the end of the world. Touted by critics then and now as the film of the decade, Dr. Strangelove savagely mocked the President, the entire military defense establishment, and the rhetoric of the Cold War. To a nation that was living through the stress of the nuclear arms race and had faced the real prospect of nuclear war, the satiric treatment of the nation's leaders was an orgasmic release from deep fears and tensions. Its detractors argued that the film was juvenile, offensive, and inaccurate. Viewed, however, in its context of the Cold War and nuclear proliferation, Dr.... ...7-38. Mordden, Ethan. Medium Cool. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. Mumford, Lewis. "Letter." New York Times 1 March 1964: 25. Prideaux, T. "Take Aim, Fire at the Agonies of War." Life 20 Dec. 1963: 115-118. Rabe, David. "Admiring the Unpredictable Mr. Kubrick." New York Times 21 June 1987: H34+ Starr, Michael. Peter Sellers: A Film History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, 1991. Suid, Lawrence. "The Pentagon and Hollywood: Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)." American History/ American Film: Interpreting the Hollywood Image. Eds. John E. O'Connor and Martin A. Jackson. Boston: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1979. Taylor, Stephen . Review of Dr. Strangelove. Film Comment, 2. 1 (1964): 40-43. Wainright, Loudon. "The Strange Case of Strangelove." Life 13 March 1964: 15.

Characteristics of Religion

The quest for answers to the meaning of life is universal. It is not surprising then that the world’s major Religious Traditions share many characteristics. Using the characteristic headings from the Oxford Studies of Religion text book: -Name each of the characteristics of religion. -Write a comprehensive definition for each characteristic. For each characteristic, give TWO detailed examples from the Christian tradition, and ONE detailed example from another tradition. 1 ? – 2 pages) Religion provides us with a set of beliefs, values and attitudes, a focal point for developing ritual as well as a variety of social networks therefore giving us a purpose to our lives. Religion comprises of four main characteristics, including beliefs and believers, sacred texts and writings, ethics and rituals and ceremonies. All religions are sustained by beliefs and its believers. It is often the belief in one or many Gods that defines a religion. It may not only be the belief in one deity, such as the Christian and Islamic faiths, but could be the belief in more than one divine being, as seen in Ancient Greek Polytheism. Christians believe that there is only one God, and he created everything, all that is seen and unseen, from cats and dogs to the air we breathe. Alternatively, in Ancient Greek Polytheism, there were many Gods, each responsible for a certain part of nature. For example, Poseidon, was the God of the Sea and it was believed that he controlled everything to do with the sea from waves to sea creatures. Another example of Christian belief is that Jesus of Nazareth, the son of God, was crucified, suffered death and was buried. In most religions, believers derive majority of their basic beliefs from the sacred texts and writings specific to their religion. Sacred texts are texts which both dictate beliefs and are of central importance to a certain religion or religions. All religions have sacred texts from which they get their basic beliefs. There are three main types of sacred stories. These include myths which are often about the formation of the universe, legends that often include sacred and key figures and parables which generally have layers of meaning that believers try to shape their lives around. Often, these texts are believed to be supernaturally inspired. For example, majority of the writings in the Christian Bible, are about or by people who are directly in contact with God. The Bible is a point of reference for Christians to the regulations of their religion, for example the Ten Commandments or the Beatitudes. The Bible is split into two books, the New and Old Testament, both of which are considered sacred. Whilst the Bible is the main source of writings for Christians, the Qu’ran, which is about the length of the New Testament, include most of the divine revelations received by Muhammad from his first encounter with the angel Gabriel, until his death. Another example of a sacred Christian text is the Didache. This sacred text, also known as the Doctrine of the Twelve Apostles, was written in the first century and persuades its readers to choose Life over Death. The Didache was considered from entry into the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The sacred text and writings of religions often provide its believers with a set of ethics and a way to live and behave as well as traditions to follow within the religion. Ethics are the rules of conduct based on ideas of right and wrong and are recognised to belong to a particular class of human actions or a particular group. Central to any religion, their purpose is to determine right from wrong and to clarify what believers should do freely and what they should refrain from doing. Ethics usually vary from religion as they generally originate from sacred texts, ancestors etc and dictate what is morally correct in society. The main sources of ethics for Christians are the Ten Commandments and the Beatitudes. The Ten Commandments list ways in which Christians should pay respect to God and those around them. For example, the first commandment is â€Å"I am the LORD your God. You shall have no other gods before Me†¦ † The Beatitudes give Christians a way to live as individuals. For example, the Beatitude: â€Å"Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God,† instructs Catholics to be free of selfish intentions and to perform acts free of personal gain. For Buddhists, the Five Precepts are the main code of ethics for Buddhists and comprises of withholding from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Rituals and ceremonies are the practices relating to beliefs. They are usually in place to affirm values and make the religion more substantial. Rituals and ceremonies are usually formal or structured actions. An example of this in the Christian religion is the mass. Generally, in most Churches, Christians gather on a Sunday to celebrate mass. Every Sunday, most Christian Churches complete the same structure of mass, possibly with different readings or songs but generally the same structure every week. For the Jewish boys, the Bar Mitzah is a substantial part of the young man’s life where he becomes a ‘man’ and is therefore required to follow God’s commandments. The Bar Mitzvah involves a ceremony which is performed at a certain time in the boy’s life, usually around the time of puberty. Another example of ritual in the Christian faith is baptism. Baptism is the admission into membership of the Christian Church through the pouring of water on one’s head, and the cleansing of one’s soul. There are four main characteristics which define a religion, these are as above; beliefs and believers, sacred texts and writings, ethics and rituals and ceremonies. These four characteristics work together to make the religion dynamic and enable it to be a way of life.

3rd Economics Commentry : International Trade Essay

The European Central Bank (ECB) is employing a new system of monetary policy which now it directly purchases government bonds from the Spanish and Italian governments. The objective is to lower interest rates on Spanish and Italian government bonds, which theoretically should show private investors that the two countries are financially able in returning their money thus decreasing the rising pressure on interest rates in the Eurozone, a dilemma threatening to counter the current torpid recovery from the 2008 and 2009 recessions. Monetary policy is a term for the manipulation of the interest rates and money supply by the Central Bank of a country, managed to either decrease interest rates (expansionary monetary policy) or increase them (contractionary monetary policy). In hope of shifting the Eurozone economy closer to its full employment level, the European Central Bank currently is purchasing European government bonds proficiently boosting the money supply of the euro. If effective, the ECB’s â€Å"quantitative easing†[1] should reallocate loanable funds towards Spain and Italy’s private and public sectors as a result of lower interest rates on government bonds. The increase in supply of loanable funds should bring down the interest rates for private investors (households and firms), making private investments more appealing. The purchase of bonds by the European Central Bank makes it inexpensive for Spain and Italy to borrow money, lowering the interest rates on their bonds, returning international investor confidence, who may possibly be more agreeable in saving their money in Spain and Italian banks. The influx of loanable funds into these economies (rise in the supply of loanable funds from to ) should decrease the real interest rate reassuring a greater number of firms to invest in capital goods and households to fund the consumption of a higher number of durable goods, pushing aggregate demand (AD) to the right (increase) returning the economy of the Eurozone to its full level of employment of output (represented as a shift from to in the right hand side graph). Though usually monetary easing like this should result in inflation, it is unlikely given the European’s large gap in output (illustrated as the distance between and the full employment level of output shown as a dotted line). An increase in AD should result in an increase in output however insignificant inflation as a result of the excess capacity of the factors of production within the European economy. An expansionary fiscal policy would prove impractical for Spain and Italy aiming for full employment as the increase in reluctance over their deficits and debts has triggered amassing borrowing charges from the private sector. The ECB as Krugman debates should carry on playing a growing part in the development of credit to cash strapped European governments; with the intention of preserving low interest rates to prevent the crowding-out of private spending’s. The problem of inflation in Europe’s current recessionary atmosphere should be a rather miniscule concern. It is only when the confidence of private sector stakeholders has returned (a circumstance requiring small borrowing cost) will private sector spending recommence and the economies of the euro may begin generating employment and increasing their production again. In the short-term, Italy and Spain should take profit from the ECB’s bond-buying initiative, and make significant, productivity-enhancing funding’s in infrastructure, schooling and job training. The states of the Eurozone must become more competitive with those of Eastern Europe and Asia if they optimise to economically grow. In the medium-term, the Eurozone nations must exhibit a promise to fiscal limitation and more stable budgets. Eradicating loopholes that permit industries and prosperous consumers to evade paying taxes is imperative for example. In addition, rising the age of retirement, economizing on social welfare programs and raising marginal tax rates on the highest income earners should all visibly communicate the message to investors that these countries are indeed dedicated to fiscal restraint. As a result, their dependency on European Central Bank lending’s will deteriorate and private lenders will once more be keen on buying government bonds from the Eurozone at lower interest rates, permitting constant advancement in the private sector.

Under Ben Bulben by William Butler Yeats

Under Ben Bulben by William Butler Yeats Irish Nobel laureate poet William Butler Yeats penned Under Ben Bulben as the last poem he would ever write. It is fitting that he wrote the last three lines to be the epitaph inscribed on his gravestone. The poem is a last will and testament for Yeats artistic and spiritual vision. His uses the legendary women and horsemen of the area to embody the spiritual wholeness and immortality. He calls on humanity, artists, and poets to continue to produce their art. Ben Bulben is the rock formation in County Sligo, Ireland, where Yeats is buried as he foretells in this poem. Ben, or binn means peak or mountain. Bulben comes from ghulbain, which means jaw or beak. The mountain is a destination for those following the passport trail of Yeats life. The last line of Under Ben Bulben is used as the title for Larry McMurtrys first novel, Horseman, Pass By.   Under Ben Bulbenby William Butler Yeats (1938)   Ã‚        I Swear by what the sages spokeRound the Mareotic LakeThat the Witch of Atlas knew,Spoke and set the cocks a-crow. Swear by those horsemen, by those womenComplexion and form prove superhuman,That pale, long-visaged companyThat air in immortalityCompleteness of their passions won;Now they ride the wintry dawnWhere Ben Bulben sets the scene. Here’s the gist of what they mean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  II Many times man lives and diesBetween his two eternities,That of race and that of soul,And ancient Ireland knew it all.Whether man die in his bedOr the rifle knocks him dead,A brief parting from those dearIs the worst man has to fear.Though grave-diggers’ toil is long,Sharp their spades, their muscles strong.They but thrust their buried menBack in the human mind again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  III You that Mitchel’s prayer have heard,â€Å"Send war in our time, O Lord!†Know that when all words are saidAnd a man is fighting mad,Something drops from eyes long blind,He completes his partial mind,For an instant stands at ease,Laughs aloud, his heart at peace.Even the wisest man grows tenseWith some sort of violenceBefore he can accomplish fate,Know his work or choose his mate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IV Poet and sculptor, do the work,Nor let the modish painter shirkWhat his great forefathers did.Bring the soul of man to God,Make him fill the cradles right. Measurement began our might:Forms a stark Egyptian thought,Forms that gentler Phidias wrought.Michael Angelo left a proofOn the Sistine Chapel roof,Where but half-awakened AdamCan disturb globe-trotting MadamTill her bowels are in heat,Proof that there’s a purpose setBefore the secret working mind:Profane perfection of mankind. Quattrocento put in paintOn backgrounds for a God or SaintGardens where a soul’s at ease;Where everything that meets the eye,Flowers and grass and cloudless sky,Resemble forms that are or seemWhen sleepers wake and yet still dream.And when it’s vanished still declare,With only bed and bedstead there,That heavens had opened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gyres run on;When that greater dream had goneCalvert and Wilson, Blake and Claude,Prepared a rest for the people of God,Palmer’s phrase, but after thatConfusion fell upon our thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  V Irish poets, learn your trade,Sing whatever is well made,Scorn the sort now growing upAll out of shape from toe to top,Their unremembering hearts and headsBase-born products of base beds.Sing the peasantry, and thenHard-riding country gentlemen,The holiness of monks, and afterPorter-drinkers’ randy laughter;Sing the lords and ladies gayThat were beaten into the clayThrough seven heroic centuries;Cast your mind on other daysThat we in coming days may beStill the indomitable Irishry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  VI Under bare Ben Bulben’s headIn Drumcliff churchyard Yeats is laid.An ancestor was rector thereLong years ago, a church stands near,By the road an ancient cross.No marble, no conventional phrase;On limestone quarried near the spotBy his command these words are cut:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cast a cold eye  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On life, on death.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Horseman, pass by!

Electronic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Electronic Marketing - Essay Example The evolution of the internet has redefined marketing, dividing the area into that which is done online and the other, the traditional. How the internet revolutionized marketing can be seen by looking at the history of the internet. As the internet was being developed, growing number of communities had become interested and with the number of scientists getting involved in the development of the internet, with the increase in attendance in their meetings, working groups were created. As the number of groups became interested with the internet with the growth of the commercial sector, broad user communities have become included plus an increase in commercial activity. The internet today is not limited to email and file sharing; it now supports audio and video streams (Baker, T. n.d; Leiner, et. Al Dec 2006). The internet started just for the simple purpose of providing faster and better long-distance communication and file transferring for the military. This objective necessitated the need to develop networked computers and continuous development of its structure resulting in further development of its functions and networking capacity. It is this functional and capacity development that furthered the development itself attracting more and more users, interested and involved groups. The result is a "chicken-and-egg" pattern between development and the number of users. This continuous increase in the number of users and the continuous development of the internet made internet into an ideal setting for faster and wider market reach. It is also the evolution of the internet and its resultant user population increase that paved the way to the birth of a virtual community which spawned new products, new market, new market places, new commercial systems and thus, e-commerce and online marketi ng (Baker, T. n.d; Leiner, et. Al Dec 2006). Online marketing is distinguished from the traditional form in terms of the setting where products are marketed (Internet 2006). It refers to the process of advertising products in the internet. Ways of online marketing are similar to that of the traditional form except that the former is done using electronic versions (Geld 2003), that is, the printed brochures and flyers become electronic brochures and flyers, which could then be easily distributed using emails, forums, file sharing and link sharing. The online version of word-of-mouth involves the promotion in community-based websites such as forums, chat rooms, peer-to-peer sharing, link promotion and blogging. As said earlier, the rise of the internet has also spawned new marketing strategies. If the traditional marketing methods have companies pay advertising companies to place ads in different places, online marketing has its own version. Advertisers are paid by the companies to market their products, bringing forward new online-specific marketing strategies like paid-to-click, paid-to-read emails, spamming, traffic exchanges, link exchanges, content-making, file-sharing and online classifieds. The method in which transactions are made have also changed with the existence of online facilitators such as Paypal, Ebay, Amazon, all of which connecting the buyer and the seller through structured systems (Internet, 2006). Depending on the product, distribution can be made online or offline. Electronic products such as ebooks, music and

Computer Incident Response Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Incident Response Teams - Essay Example Not only these companies would suffer from information damage, but also their clientele and reputation will nosedive in the industry. Computer Incident Response Teams (short-form 'CIRT') are special teams formed for the purpose of minimizing and controlling the impact of a security breach or other computer related emergency in the company (Brussin, Cobb, & Miora, 2003). CIRT is a also known as CERT (Computer Emergency Response Teams) and CSIRT (Computer Security Incident Response Teams) in some companies, however, they all attempt to provide security to the computer systems. It depends on the company policy as well as the riskiness of information leakage or damage. In companies who don't heavily rely on computer systems, a CIRT would not be of much use. However, now with most organizations keeping important information on computer systems, the need for having a CIRT is increasingly getting popular. With the increasing number of viruses, spywares, backdoors in the systems being detected, a CIRT is a necessity for an organization keeping competitive information on the computers. Like in all business strategies before implementing them a plan needs to be created that would guide the formation of a CIRT. This plan includes all the details about the CIRT and all the information that the security team would need to know. Furthermore, this plan should be feasible in all ways and must provide a competitive business advantage. The details of the plan are given below. (RHE, 2004) 4.1 Make a Policy First of all, a policy regarding the CIRT should be created. This would have standards, rules ad regulations and instructions as to what is to be done when the security is breached. This policy document should be given to all members of the company and must be followed exactly as mentioned in the policy. (Lucas & Moeller, 2003) 4.2 Form the Team Forming the Computer Incident Response Team is the most important part in this plan. Usually the team is formed on a voluntary basis. However there are certain characteristics that need to be there in a CIRT. First of all the members of the team must be extremely responsible. Since action is required to contain the emergency, the team members should also be quick to react. Another quality that the team should have is that its members must be loyal to the company and should be heroes in their own sense as their job is to save the company from a disaster. Only trustworthy people should be made a part of this team. (RHE, 2004) After these characteristics, the team should have technical expertise to understand and resolve the situation. The team usually comprises of system and network administrators as well as information security experts. The system administrators oversee the correct response to the threat and supply the required knowledge about system resources. The network administrators are responsible for routing the network traffic though other points while closing all activity in those routes where the security has been breached. Information security officers diagnose and analyze the problem and detect the point of intrusion to try to solve it. (RHE, 2004) The team should be kept in close coordination with each of its members at all times so that in case of an emergency all members would get notified immediately. It is ideal to keep

Financial Markets and Bank Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial Markets and Bank Management - Essay Example The banks are faced with credit risk that involves change in net asset value due to changes in the ability of the counter-party to meet the contractual agreements (Thomas 2005). Performance risk includes the possible loses that may emanate from dishonest employees while operational risk include costs such as inability to meet regulatory requirements or settlement failures (Rao 1999). The bank’s net profit margin for 2012 was negative due to lack of growth of the non-customer interest income. The net profit margin was positive in 2013, but the current low interest environment prevailing in the market will continue maintaining the net interest income growth rate low. This means that the bank should divest the low-yielding non-core assets like investment securities portfolios in order to scale up the bank’s net interest margin. The operating margin was too low to generate substantial increase in net profits in 2013. The return on invested capital growth rate stagnated thus demonstrating imprudent investing strategy due to low returns from the non-core business segments. The improvements in return on assets and return on equity were low while the leverage position declined slightly due to injection of additional capital through rights issue. The stringent regulatory environment forced the bank to improve on its capitalisation and implement measures of lowering its leverage. Some of the measures implemented include the rights issue and reduction in the risk-weighted assets (RWAs) (Gregory 2011). Barclay’s loan to deposit ratio stood at 110 percent in 2012, but the ratio declined to 101 percent in 2013. The deposits were almost equal to the customer loans thus demonstrating increased prudence in retail lending. The investment banking business segment is funded by a high proportion of liabilities. The bank should have sufficient liquid assets to withstand any market and internal stresses (Mehta and Fung

Evaluate the impact Line Managers have on organisational performance' Assignment

Evaluate the impact Line Managers have on organisational performance' - Assignment Example As they are responsible for ensuring the operation of employees and monitor their performance on a day-to-day basis, their role in influencing staff performance is crucial. Researchers have highlighted the role played by line managers in producing an integrated culture of managing employees via line management while others have demonstrated the role that line managers play in increasing employee commitment, thereby leading to rise in productivity. The psychological contract between the employee and line manager is claimed to be the lens through which workers view the entire workplace. Organizational Culture and the line manager Organizational culture is said to have a significant impact on the way in which the organization, including line managers function. It includes beliefs values and behavioral patterns that form the foundations of organizations. The power of organizational culture in influencing line managers’ communication and leadership style cannot be negated. If the c ulture is open and encourages freedom of speech, the line managers will be inclined towards adopting a participative management style whereby employees’ views are incorporated during decision making. Under such an environment, tasks are delegated and the worker has the flexibility to accomplish tasks without being closely monitored. On the other hand, cultures where deference to authority and bureaucracy prevail tend to produce line managers which do not favor employee participation, are wary of employees’ intention to work and lack the trust necessary for successful delegation. An extreme form of such management prevails in the form of micromanagers which are typically found at lower levels of organizational hierarchy. Such managers often fall into the trap of over-scrutinizing employees’ work and adopting the â€Å"my way or the highway† philosophy (Chambers, 2005). It is no surprise that under such organizations communication is often top-down and line managers expect submissive behavior from employees who, in turn, seek to â€Å"please the boss† in every way possible (Chambers, 2005). The impact of both these styles on employee motivation and commitment is profound and shall be explored in depth later. However, it is important to note that a two-way relationship exists between line managers and organizational culture. The role of line managers is crucial in order to make any organizational culture functional. If the culture is directed towards the achievement of incorrect objectives then it can become largely dysfunctional. The management’s role is critical in that it determines whether the cultural orientation needs to be adapted to internal policies or individuals in the organization. This, in turn, determines and develops a dominant leadership style which results in a mutual relationship between the organization’s culture, efficiency and leadership styles. For instance, in a study conducted on over 32 lar ge corporations in Croatia (from the manufacturing, service and financial sector), the organizational culture was resistant to change and preferred the status quo which resulted in slow development of an entrepreneurial leadership orientation amongst managers (Buble, 2012). Complementing this

Experiment of Calcium Carbonate Composition of Eggshells

Experiment of Calcium Carbonate Composition of Eggshells INTRODUCTION Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is found in nature giving hardness and strength to things such as seashells, rocks, and eggshells. As hard as this substance is, it will react readily with hydrochloric acid to yield carbon dioxide gas (and two other products). In this experiment students will design an experiment by reacting eggshells with 2 M HCl to compare the calcium carbonate composition of white (chicken) eggshells to brown eggshells. A good quality eggshell will contain, on average, 2.2 grams of calcium in the form of calcium carbonate. Approximately 94% of a dry eggshell is calcium carbonate and has a typical mass of 5.5 grams,1 although these values can differ depending on sources. Amounts as low as 78% have been published. The remaining mass is composed largely of phosphorus and magnesium, and trace amounts of sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper. In the case of brown versus white eggs, a definitive difference in calcium carbonate amounts may be hard to uncover. However, consider this. The color of the eggs is nothing more than a result of a different breed. The quality, nutritional value, and taste are identical between white and brown eggs, though two notable differences are size and price. Brown eggs are usually larger and slightly more expensive. The reason for the price increase is because brown eggs come from larger hens, which need to be fed more food daily. With a larger intake of calci um each day, one might expect the produced egg to have a higher calcium carbonate content. However, since the eggs are larger, it must be kept in mind that the calcium is spread over a larger surface area during egg formation. A brown eggshells increased tendency to break, when compared to white, is often attributed to this â€Å"thinning out† of calcium during deposition. To avoid the breakage of eggs before reaching market, the eggshells needs to be as strong as possible. The strength of eggshells is mainly determined by the percentage of calcium carbonate in it. In order to monitor the quality of eggshells, the following experiment has to be done to determine the percentage of calcium carbonate in eggshells. In this experiment, back titration is used. First, excess acid is reacted with the calcium carbonate in eggshells. 2HCl(aq)+CaCO3(s)→CaCl2(aq)+H2O(l)+CO2(g) Later, if we can find out the number of mole of unreacted acid, number of mole of calcium carbonate can then be found out. The number of mole of unreacted acid can be found by titration with the following reaction. HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)→H2O(l)+NaCl(aq) Percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in eggshell can then be calculated by the following formula: 4.2AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this experiment is to determine the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in eggshells. design an experiment that quantifies the amount of calcium carbonate present in a natural substance. relate the amount of a reactant or product of a chemical reaction to another reactant or product. work collaboratively with their peers to solve a given problem in the laboratory in a way that models the scientific method. apply a common acid reaction between hydrochloric acid and the carbonate ion. Chapter 2 THEORY METHOLOGY PRINCIPLE OF THE EXPERIMENT During this experiment, the percentage of CaCO3 in an eggshell is determined by reacting the eggshell with hydrochloric acid. The equation for this reaction is: 2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s)→Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq) This reaction cannot be used directly titrate with the CaCO3. Instead, an excess of hydrochloric acid is added to dissolve the eggshell, and the remaining acid is titrated with NaOH solution to determine the amount of acid that did not react with the eggshell. The equation used to determine the amount of leftover acid is: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS Beaker Pipette Filler Electronicbalance Volumetric flask BuretteWash bottle Mortar and pestle Conical flasks White tile Filter funnel Filtter paper 25.00 cm 3 pipette CHEMICALS USED 2 M HCl Phenolphthalein 2 M NaOH PROCEDURE White and Red colour eggshells have taken and the protein membrane was removed on the inside of the eggshells. The eggshell was washed with distilled water Dried in an oven for few minutes. The eggshell was then grounded into fine powder by mortar and pestle. 2g of eggshell powder is weighted accurately by using an electronic balance and it was transferred to a conical flask. 25.00 cm3 of HCl was pipetted to dissolve the eggshell powder. Distilled water was added to the flask until it reached about 100cm3. The flask was swirled gently. Put the solution into cubed for two days. Faltered the solution using filter papers. Pippet out 25.00 cm3 from each solutions to titration flasks. The solution was then titrated with standardized NaOH. Repeat another two samples from each solution. Collect the correct burette readings at the end point. Chapter 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS THE COLOR CHANGE OF THE SOLUTION White egg Brown egg Colourless pink Colourless pink THE TITRATION RESULT OF BROWN EGG 1 2 3 Volume of eggshells solution/cm3 25.00 25.00 25.00 Volume of NaOH used/cm3 20.10 19.90 20.10 Average volume of NaOH used: (20.10+19.90+20.10) = 20.03cm33 THE TITRATION RESULT OF WHITE EGG 1 2 3 Volume of eggshells solution/cm3 25.00 25.00 25.00 Volume of NaOH used/cm3 20.40 20.35 20.00 *Average volume of NaOH used: (20.40+20.35+20.00) =20.25cm33 Chapter 4 CALCULATIONS CALCULATIONS 2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s)→Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) FOR BROWN EGG Number of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl =20.03cm3 /1000) X2M = 40.06X 10-3 mol Since number of moles of NaOH = number of moles of HCl in 25cm3 =40.06 X 10-3 mol HCl mols in 100cm3 = 40.06 X 10-3 X 4 mol The initial no of moles of HCl: volume X molarity = 100/1000 X2M = 200X10-3 mol Number of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3 = ( 200X10-3 160.24X 10-3) mol = 39.76X10-3 mol According to the equation, one mole of HCI required to react with 2 moles of CaCO3, Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted =39.76X10- 3 /2 = 19.88X10-3 mol The weight of CaCO3 = 19.88X10-3g X100g The % of CaCO3 in eggshell (brown) = (1.988/2) X100% =99.4% FOR WHITE EGG Number of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl: (20.25cm3/1000)X2 = 40.50X10-3mol Since number of moles of NaOH=number of moles of HCl in 25cm3 = 4.50X10-3mol HCl Volume in 100cm3 = 40.50 X10-3 X4 mol The initial moles of HCl: volume X molarity = 100/1000 X2M = 200X10-3 mol Number of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3 : ( 200X10-3 162X10-3) mol = 38X10-3 mol Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted =38X10-3/2 = 19X10-3 mol The weight of CaCO3 = 19X10-3g X100 The % of CaCO3 in eggshell (white) = (1.9/2) X100% =95.0% Chapter 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUTION CONCLUSION Percentage of CaCO3 in red eggshells= 99.4% Percentage of CaCO3 in white eggshells= 95.0% Therefore red eggshells has the higher percentage of CaCO3. DISCUSSION Source of errors The eggshell powder did not dissolve completely Variation in visual judgment at the end point Instrumental errors of the electronic balance The eggshell was not fully dried Some droplets of solution may still adhere on the beaker and the glass rod which lead to the reduction in number of moles of excess HCl In this Experiment we can also do the EDTA titration. REFERENCES http://www.google.lk/search?hl=ensource=hpq=caco3+percentage+in+eggshellbtnG=Google+Searchmeta=aq=foq= http://wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem1102/Egg.htm http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Determine-Percentage-Mass-Calcium-Carbonate-Eggshells/165593 http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/multistate/koelkebeck1.htm